What happened in the 1080s?
🏰 Establishment of the Duchy of Apulia (1085): Following the death of Robert Guiscard, the duchy becomes a significant Norman state in Southern Italy.
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Further Reading
- Norman conquest of southern Italy - Wikipedia (wikipedia.org)
- Robert | Norman Ruler of Apulia & Sicily - Britannica (britannica.com)
- Robert Guiscard - Wikipedia (wikipedia.org)
- Robert Guiscard summary - Britannica (britannica.com)
- Robert Guiscard - World History Encyclopedia (worldhistory.org)
- The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily (normansicily.org)
- Brown, Norman Conquest of S. Italy and Sicily - De Re Militari (deremilitari.org)
- Normans in Italy: Guiscard - Weapons and Warfare (weaponsandwarfare.com)
- Crusades - Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias (en-academic.com)
- The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050-1320 - PDF Free Download (epdf.pub)